Models of Personality and Effect in Organisations

Models of Personality and Effect in Organisations Saarthak Sankalp INDEX Topic (Jump to) Personality Personality Models Predicting Personality with Social Behaviour Importance of Corporate Brand Personality Traits Role of Personality factors in Coping with Organizational Change Challenges and Concerns with Personality Assessment in Indian Context Conclusion Bibliography Personality The work personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which was used to describe the different roles or disguises performed by theatrical performers. Personality can be defined as an individual’s unique characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Gordon Allport defined personality as – â€Å"the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.† Personality Models Many models have been given by various researchers to analyse the personality. The latest personality models are as follows :- Myers-Briggs Type Index (MBTI) The MBTI is a personality ideal based on Jung’s theory of psychological kinds developed by Briggs and Myers and consists of four dimensions of preferences which are as follows:- Extroversion (E) vs Introversion (I). This dimension gives an insight about the orientation of the individual. Extroverts are said to be more concerned with the practical realities than with the inner thoughts. Introverts, though, gaze more into the inner-self and are pre-occupied with their own thoughts. Sensing (S) vs Intuition (N). Persons who have more sensing dimension rely more on that can be observed and are considered to be bent towards what is real. Persons having more intuitive dimension rely extra on their non-objective and unconscious perceptual processes. Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F). A preference for thinking indicates the individual uses more of logic and rational procedures to make decisions and action. People having more feeling dimension gave more emotional replies to events and give preference to established subjective processes. Judgment (J) vs Perception (P). The judgement-perception preferences were developed to indicate if rational or irrational judgments are dominant after a person is interacting with the environment. In decision making the judgmental person uses both the thinking and feeling, while the sensing and intuition processes are used by the perception people. The Big Five Personality Model The Big Five is the commonly used term for the model of personality which describes the five fundamental factors of our personality. It was defined independently by many researchers based on the factor-analyses of the personality traits. The five traits are commonly referred as OCEAN. The five personality traits are as follows:- Openness to Experience: It is the openness to innovative ideas, new experiences, curiosity, adventure, appreciation for emotions and art. Conscientiousness: Tendency to be coordinated and dependable, display self-discipline, target for attainment, acts dutifully and does not prefer spontaneous behaviour. Extraversion: Affirmative emotions, sociability, assertiveness, energy, talkativeness and the tendency to pursue stimulation. Agreeableness: Traits of a person who is obliging and compassionate rather than dubious and antagonistic towards others. It is additionally a measure of one’s helpful and trusting nature, and whether the person is calm and composed. Neuroticism: It refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control in a person. The traits to easily give in to anger, anxiety or depression. Score on all the five factors are used to describe a person’s personality Kolbe Conative Index (KCI) KCI is considered a personality model which is different from MBTI and FIRO-B as it measures instinctive behaviours of an individual that appear while that he/she tries to achieve goals. The KCI classifies the instinctive behaviours into four categories: probing, patterning, innovating and demonstrating. Each category has its corresponding ‘Action Mode’ which are as follows: Fact Finder (FF): Probing instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to the information gathering. Fact finders are concerned with strategies, research and details. They establish priorities for making decision by collecting and analyzing data. Follow Through (FT): Patterning instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to structure. People controlled by FT seek structure, and plan and schedules in advance. They react in a sequential manner. Quick Start (QS): Innovating instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to the way to deal with risk and uncertainty. Quick starters initiate changes, take risk, and they are innovative. Implementor (IMP): Demonstrating instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This action mode is related to the way to handle space and tangibles. People having this action mode are good at using space and materials, develop constructs, and easily use hand on equipment. Kolbe Action Modes Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behaviour (FIRO-B) Schutz developed the FIRO-B personality model. The intensity of the interpersonal needs of inclusion (I), control (C), and affection (A) are measured by this model. The individual’s social need of interaction and belongingness is defined as Inclusion. The need for power and influence is defined as Control, and can be related to leadership. The need for intimacy and friendship is defined as Affection. How much each of these three needs can be described into 2 dimensions of expressed (e) or wanted (w). The degree to which one behaves in that way toward others is defined as expressed while the degree to which one wants others to behave that way toward oneself is described as wanted. The FIRO-B model can be explained by the interaction of expressed and wanted dimensions with the three interpersonal needs, resulting in six categories of interpersonal needs as described in the figure below. Each category is measured with a 10 point scale (0-9). FIRO-B Model Latest researches related to Personality The latest researches related to personalities are as follows:- Predicting personality with social behaviour Personality is a trait which influences the behaviour of a person with other people. Social behaviour can give us a good insight about the personality of an individual as they behave showcase a normative (or normal) behaviour in social interactions. To understand this within the scope of a social behaviour, we consider the actions in the following main groups:- Nextwork Bandwidth (NET): The active involvement in the social networks, the time spent there and activity distribution (uniform or bursty). Message Content (MSG): The variety and amount of messages they are sending, whether they are the links or URLs of websites or the forwarded messages etc. Pair Behaviour (PAIR): How they behave with their friends and relatives, the statistical measures of standard deviations and average of various actions across different followers and friends. Reciprocity of actions (REC): Levels to which there actions are reciprocated by their friends. Informativeness (INF): Information that could be gained from the behaviour with the friends, whether there is same type of behaviour with every friend or whether some friends are favoured over others in specific actions. Homophily (HOM): All the previous features computed for the person’s friend to understand her social circle. Importance of Corporate brand personality traits Corporate brands create a particular image in the minds of the customers and other constituents which can help the corporate to differentiate their brand from others. A number of factors will be responsible for the corporate image like the products a company makes, the actions it takes, and the manner in which it communicates to consumers. A new very important component of corporate image is the corporate brand personality. 60 US brands have been examined and are found to fell into the following five main clusters, â€Å"(1) Sincerity, (2) Excitement, (3) Competence, (4) Sophistication and (5) Ruggedness. Corporate Personality Traits Corporate brand personality is defined as how customer perceives a particular brand – characterstics of consumers who are using it. It can be seen as a means for the customer to express what they really expect or want. Corporate brand personality is more about the perception of employees – both the customer facing and the senior management as they constitute the whole organization. It reflects the actions and values of all the employees of the organization. Corporate brand personality of a 21st century business can be grouped into three dimensions which are as follows:- Heart – It consists of two traits: compassionate and passionate. Mind – It consists of two traits: Creative and disciplined. Body – It consists of two traits: Agile and collaborative. Role of Personality factors in coping with organizational change In reference to the research paper written by R. Ravi Kumar, change is inevitable to any organization. Both external and internal factors can bring about changes to an organization. The work environment is affected to a large extent by external factor such as changing expectations about quality, customer satisfaction and new work force demographics. It is also affected by the internal factors such as the mergers and acquisitions, financial constraints and the necessity to improve productivity. Personality plays a very important role in the job performance of an individual when changes in an organization take place. The personality factors which affect the performance are as follows:- Demographic Variables Age – Age has a negative impact on any kind of change in an organization. As the age increases people don’t like change and try to resist it. Education – The level of education has a positive impact on coping with the organization changes. As more educated can handle the uncertainties better and are more ready for new challenges and opportunities. Tenure – It has negative effect on coping with changes in an organization. People who have served longer in any organization resist the change more than a newly joined. Seniority – Employees at higher level understand the importance of change better than the employees at lower level. One important reason for this is that changes are implemented with the active participation of the senior staff. Independent Variables Self Esteem – It is positively associated with coping changes in an organization. Self esteem consists of two major constituents – ‘competence’ and ‘worth’. Individuals with high self esteem handle the adverse conditions better. Optimism – People who are optimistic are able to accept the organizational change better than pessimistic people. They are able to deal with the adversities with more strength and perseverance. Perceived Control – It is the belief that one can determine one’s own internal state and behaviour, influence one’s environment and/or bring about the desired outcomes. Change Self- Efficacy – There is a very little difference between self efficacy and self esteem. People having self efficacy feel confident in adverse situations. Self-efficacy is their perceived ability to handle change in a given situation to function better. Challenges and Concerns with Personality Assessments in Indian Context In the modern business, personality assessments as part of recruitment process have become vital for the selection of the right candidate matching the organizational objectives. They provide inputs which could be used for the 360 degree feedback and to measure their performance in the organization. In entry level roles like sales and customer relationship personnel in finance, banking and insurance sector, personality is a very important discriminator for job-success. So, there is a huge need for these personality assessments. These days many multi- national companies are conducting non-Indian personality solutions for recruitment in India. But there are many challenges faced by these International solutions in Indian context which are as follows:- Problems in understanding English – The level of English in these international personality assessments is quite is high and most of the Indians are not able to comprehend the exact meaning of the words. For example, a typical question will ask a candidate to choose between sympathetic and empathetic. Most of the candidates could not differentiate between these words. Not in context with Indian Population – Many questions are out of context for the Indian population. One of the questions in such an assessment asks whether they would prefer a holiday in Las Vegas. Average Indian does not understand what it means to have a vacation there. Not in context with entry level candidates – The questions in theses assessments pose situations which favour the candidates who have already worked in that area before, which makes it very difficult for an entry level candidate to get selected. No consideration for cultural differences – People in the west use words like ‘Thank you’ and ‘sorry’ much more frequently than Indians. But that doesn’t mean those Indians which don’t use these words that frequently are any less polite. The assessments fail to understand such socio-economic and cultural differences of India. Not much use for recruitment with little validation – Many such inventories being used have not been validated if they are suitable for job recruitment. Also, some of them are very easy to fake in the process. Conclusion Personality gives a very coherent picture of an individual’s psychological behaviour and differences. It also gives an insight about the human nature and the similarities between them. A lot about personality can be perceived from the social behaviour of an individual. In modern business personality plays a very important role in assessing the right candidate for the right job profile. Performance of an individual in any organization is also dependent on his personality traits. Bibliography Ki-Young Jeong, Bozkurt, Ipek, Sunkara, Surya T.(2012). Creative effective project teams using personality models. Northeast Region Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI) Proceeding, p403-414. Pittenger, David J. (1993). Measuring the MBTI†¦ And coming up short. Journal of Career Planning and Employment, v54 n1 p48-52. Adali, S., Golbeck, J. (2012). Predicting Personality with Social Behavior. Advances in Social Network Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), IEEE/ACM International Conference, p302-309. Keller, Kevin Lane, Richey, Keith. (2006). The importance of corporate brand personality traits to a successful 21st century business. Journal of Brand Management, Vol.14 Issue  ½, p74-81. Young-Ei Kim, Jung-Wan Lee Yong-Ki Lee. (2008). Relationship between Brand Personality and the Personality of Consumers, and its Application to Corporate Branding Strategy, Journal of Global Academy of Marketing Science, 18:3, p27-57 R. Ravi Kumar, T.J. Kamalanabhan. (2005).The role of personality factors in coping with organizational change. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 13 Issue 2 p.175 – 192. Aggarwal, Varun. (2009). Challenges and Concerns with International Personality Assessments. Retrieved from the Aspiring Minds website: http://www.aspiringminds.in/docs/challenges_with_international_personality_assessments.pdf Major, Debra A., Turner Jonathan E., Fletcher Thomas D. (2006). Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 4, 927-935.

Social Media About Muslims

SoRef. No: H00144879 Short Essay Tutorial: Online Learning Teacher: Kristina Rajic Critical Writing & Analysis (C07CW) Impact of Social Media on Islam and Muslims Susan Ward defines Social media as a type of online media that expedites conversation as opposed to traditional media, which delivers content but doesn't allow readers/viewers/listeners to participate in the creation or development of the content. Some of the common examples of social media are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc. There is a wide variety of social medias’ in the Internet. People get more attention to the things that are being shared from YouTube and Flickr nd posting them through Facebook or LinkedIn or MySpace. Social Networking sites spread news all over the globe very quickly and swiftly. According to Suzy Ismail â€Å"Social Media and networking sites must have and has definitely changed the spread of Islam and the perception of Muslims in the minds of many people around the world†, especiall y and mostly in the US and India. After the 9/11 bombings and destruction of the Twin Towers by Bin Laden, the growth of electronic and, in particular, social media has had an impact on the lives of Muslims around the world. According to Khurram T. Dara (2011) â€Å"every scandal, controversy, or violent errorist attack perpetrated by Muslims is put under the microscope.† He does not mean that the media has been trying to willingly to spread stories one way or another about Muslims in US and the world. â€Å"Of course, you have commentators and networks out there with agendas they want to push, but for the most part the impact the media has had comes in its evolution into a 24/7 industry. Everything is covered, regardless of whether it is quality journalism from reliable sources. † (Dara, 2011) Social Media played a crucial role in the way Muslims and Islam have been perceived over the years. Suzy Ismail continues, â€Å"It would be tough for nyone to say that they ha ve not ‘heard’ of Islam with the amount of coverage that our deen has received in the recent years through so many different media outlets†. Further on she adds that Muslims have been vilified and simultaneously victimized especially after 9/11 in America. â€Å"There seems to be two extreme reactions to the deen itself. One is which is sincere curiosity and interest that motivates education and the other is blind hatred and misunderstanding that leads to scapegoating and stereotyping. †(Suzy Ismail) Social media presents a big opportunity to reach out to people who may not even know about Islam or Muslims. Thousands f Americans have never met a Muslim but they have access through social media. In Texas, an event was set up where a Muslim woman is refused service in a bakery just because she has worn a headscarf. ABC News Hidden camera experiments THIS and the purpose is to see what people’s reaction would be, which was quite surprising. Recently in the last few weeks, a controversial American- ­? made trailer of an Anti- ­? Islam video called Innocence Of Muslims has ignited protests across the Muslim world and continues to grow. It is just a trailer for a supposed future- ­? length film that was uploaded in YouTube a few weeks back in America by a an named Nakula Basseley Nakoula a. k. a Sam Bacile who is thought to be the writer, producer and promoter of the video. The Social Media raises complex questions about the freedom of speech in America (Ruth Startman, 2012). Social Media has played a vital role in the rapid spread of this video around the world by sharing it through Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.Many Muslim countries removed this video from their network, however the video still remains undeleted in America and other Non- ­? Muslim regions of the world. Twitter and Facebook have been undoubtedly the two networking sites with the most active Muslim users. These sites ave allowed us to connect with many imp ortant persons such as Imams and Sheiks, Political Leaders and so on†¦. Some people are also there to cast a negative vote on Islam and are online just to do so. It can be overwhelming to not care about it, but we need to remember that social media has also given us the strength and the platform to express ourselves. In other ways, we can increase the positive impact of Social Media on the portrayal of Islam and Muslims by being more active online and by having lot of faith on Islam. (Dara, 2011) Social media is a great tool, which can be well used to spread â€Å"Love†, or abused to spread â€Å"hatred†.Let us choose â€Å"love† as every religion of the world is themed to promote â€Å"love† among mankind. No matter what, â€Å"love† will always prevail as it is upon which everything in life is centered and without which there is no meaning in life. REFERENCES: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Ward, Susan; Social Media Definition [online]. Ava ilable from: http://sbinfocanada. about. com/od/socialmedia/g/soci almedia. htm   (Accessed 28 Sept 2012) Salman, Javeria; Impact of Media and Social Media on Islam and Muslims [online]. Available at: http://islamicstudies. islammessage. com/Article. aspx? aid=678   (Accessed 28 Sept 2012) Dara, T. Khurram (2011) The Crescent Drive: ANESSAY ON IMPROVING THE IMAGE OF ISLAM IN AMERICA, Tensile. (Accessed 28 Sept 2012) ABC News hidden camera experiments – Racism in America â€Å"What would you do? † (Online video) Available at: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=UtWuOvdLRX4 (Accessed 28 Sept 2012) Innocence of Muslims, 2012 (online video) Available at: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=gORgR7UiXgY (Accessed 28 Sept 2012) Starkman, Ruth (2012); It’s All the Rage: ‘The Innocence of Muslims,’ Social Media, and Free Speech† (online) Available At: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/ruth- ­? starkman/its- ­? all- ­? the- ­? rage- ­? the- ­? inno_b_1906050. html    (Accessed 28 Sept 2012) †¢ †¢

Aristotle s Rhetorical Rhetoric On The Human Soul

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Rhetoric Aristotle, a famous philosopher, is one of the most renowned Greek scholars, and was an influential force in ancient Greece and in modern society. He was the head of the Macedon royal academy, where he taught Alexander the Great, his most famous pupil. He founded the famous Lyceum in Athens later in his life, which is portrayed in Raphael’s painting â€Å"School of Athens.† Aristotle is known for his interest in nature and science, and his emphasis on empirical evidence to prove his points has become the keystone of modern scientific research. As a result, one of the topics he studied is the cause of human difference. He discusses in Book I of his series Politics the nature of the human soul and how different†¦show more content†¦Such an egotistical belief is expressed when Aristotle describes how â€Å"the soul rules the body with a despotical rule, whereas the intellect rules the appetites with a constitutional and roya l rule† (Aristotle, 5). By drawing a relationship between the intellect and fair rule, Aristotle appeals to the Greeks: if their form of government is truly the best, then Aristotle’s vision of the model citizen must be as well. Similarly, Aristotle’s descriptions of the superiority and inferiority of certain groups are also dependent on his familiarity with each group. Since Plato’s Academy, which preached an â€Å"elitist† philosophy (Welch, Marshall and Billig, 10), was mostly male (Reeve), Aristotle ranks males over females, fathers over mothers, and husbands over wives. Similarly, Aristotle places masters over slaves as he was a free citizen living among other free citizens; by corollary of such an authority-based dynamic, he also ranks natural rulers above subjects. Finally, as Aristotle had only lived in Greece before Politics was published, he had no personal exposure to the â€Å"barbarian† Persians, and thus stated that Hellenes, a term describing all Greeks unified together, were superior to the Persians (Biography.com). These explanations are not grounded in any sort of empirical evidence; rather, Aristotle classifies groups’ statuses

New York University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

New York University is a highly selective private university with an acceptance rate of just 28%. If you are considering applying to NYU, the SAT score, ACT score, and GPA information presented here can help you judge your admission chances. Why New York University? Location: New York, New York Campus Features: Located in Manhattans Greenwich Village, NYUs campus occupies some of the most expensive real estate in the country. Housing is guaranteed for four years.Student/Faculty Ratio: 9:1Athletics: The NYU Violets compete in the NCAA Division III University Athletic Association.Highlights: NYU is one of the largest private universities in the country. The school offers over 230 fields of study and ranks among the top New York colleges. NYU has additional campuses in Abu Dhabi and Shanghai. Acceptance Rate For students entering in the 2017-18 academic year, New York University had an acceptance rate of 28%. This means that for every 100 applicants, 28 were admitted and 72 received rejection letters. NYUs admissions are highly selective and successful applicants tend to have academic measures that are well above average. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 64,007 Percent Admitted 28% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled 34% SAT Scores and Requirements New York University requires standardized test results from all applicants, and the most popular option is the SAT. For students who entered NYU in the 2017-18 academic year, 59% submitted SAT scores. NYU SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 650 730 Math 640 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing The great majority of admitted NYU students have SAT scores that are in the top 20% of all test-takers. For the evidence-based reading part of the exam, 50% of admitted students scored between 650 and 730 with 25% scoring at or below 650. Students in the top quartile scored at or above 730. On the math section, the middle 50% of students scored between 640 and 760 with the lower 25% scoring at or below 640, and the top 25% scoring at or above 760. Your chances will be best at the upper end of these score ranges, and students who have a combined SAT score of 1490 or higher will be particularly competitive at New York University. If you compare SAT scores for top New York colleges, youll see that only a few highly selective colleges—Columbia, Cornell, Hamilton, and Vassar—are more selective than NYU. Requirements NYU does not require the SAT writing section. The university will super score the SAT, so applicants who have taken the exam more than once can use the College Boards Score Choice option to submit only their highest scores. Note that NYU does not require SAT Subject Tests, but applicants can choose to submit three subject test scores in place of scores from the regular SAT. Be sure to check out all of NYUs standardized testing options to figure out what approach will work best for you. ACT Scores and Requirements Among NYUs many standardized testing options, the ACT is quite popular. For students who entered the university in the 2017-18 academic year, 47% submitted ACT scores. NYU ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 29 33 Math Not Reported Not Reported Composite Not Reported Not Reported New York University does not provide a breakdown of ACT scores for the math, English, and science sections of the exam, but the composite score data shows us that most of NYUs admitted students are in the top 9% of test-takers. The middle 50% of admitted students scored between 29 and 33, while the bottom 25% scored at or below a 29, and the top quartile scored at or above a 33. Requirements NYU does not require the ACT writing exam. If you took the ACT more than once, NYU will take your highest scores from each section of the exam and create a new super-scored composite score for you. GPA NYUs Common Data Set from 2017-18 reveals that the average GPA of all first-time, first-year students was a 3.66. 41% of all entering students had a GPA of 3.75 or higher, while 28% were in the 3.5 to 3.74 range. Only 3% of applicants were admitted with a GPA below 3.0, so high grades are clearly an extremely important part of a successful NYU application. In fact, 100% of admitted students ranked in the top 25% of their graduating class, and the great majority of admitted applicants are A students. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Graph of NYU Applicants Self-Reported GPA, SAT Score, and ACT Score Data. Data courtesy of Cappex The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to NYU. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances New York University is highly selective with a low acceptance rate and standardized test scores that are well above average. To be admitted, youre most likely going to need the full package: A grades, high SAT/ACT scores, and impressive accomplishments outside of the classroom. You will notice from the graph above that a few students were accepted with test scores and grades below the norm. NYU has holistic admissions, so the admissions officers are evaluating students based on more than numerical data. Students who show some kind of remarkable talent or have a compelling story to tell will often get a close look even if grades and test scores arent up to the ideal. Also, because NYU is a diverse, international university, many applicants are coming from countries that have different grading systems than U.S. schools. The university is a member of the Common Application, a widely used application that provides plenty of opportunities for you to share information other than numerical grade and test score data. Letters of recommendation,  the Common Application essay, and your extracurricular activities will all play a role in the admissions process. Students applying to the Steinhardt School or Tisch School of the Arts will have additional artistic requirements for admission. The university does not typically conduct interviews as part of the admissions process, although admissions staff may invite some candidates to interview if they feel a conversation would aid them in making an admissions decision. Finally, like all selective colleges, New York University will be looking at the rigor of your high school curriculum, not just your grades. Success in challenging AP, IB, Honors, and Dual Enrollment classes can all improve your chances of being admitted, for these courses represent some of the best predictors of college success. Sources: Graph courtesy of Cappex; all other admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and the New York University admissions website.

Movie Analysis The Movie Renton - 924 Words

The movie trainspotting showed multiple forms of drug use throughout its duration. This included cigarette use, alcohol use, as well as some amphetamine use. However, the substance of choice throughout the movie was heroine in which the majority of the main characters were addicted to. One of the most important themes of the movie was the main characters struggle with relapsing. In the movie Renton, the main character, relapses twice; with the first relapse being the worst one. Gorskis relapse process on pages 88-90 demonstrate the series of thought processes that occur from the moment Renton gets off heroin to the moment he relapses. It can be seen that various internal struggles lead to the reuse of the drug. He hits a bottom during this time period and begins committing petty crimes in order to fund his drug habits (pg. 4). This series of events was triggered by a tragedy that Renton and his buddies witnessed, which was the death of dawn a, for lack of a better word, crack baby. A s stated by the literature, trigger events can often be evoked by feelings (pg. 97-98). Although the death of the baby was not the trigger event that led to the relapse it fueled the use of heroin to cope with his internal struggles (pgs. 97-98). His second relapse was not as devastating as the first. At this point in the movie Renton was being pressured to test some heroin to see if they could sell it. The scene looked rather degrading to Renton as he sat on the floor injecting him self whileShow MoreRelatedWe Are Addicted And Our Thoughts Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesnarratives of the movie Trainspotting that takes place during the 80’s in Edinburgh, UK; a city that suffered from an economic depression causing the marginalization of the society in this area during that decade. Marginalization or psychosocial dislocation, as Canadian psychologist Bruce K. Alexander defines it, is a significant factor in the development of addiction, in this particular case the addiction to heroin. During the first minutes of the movie, the main character Renton describesRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie Trainspotting is an entertaining look into the dark world of drug and alcohol abuse. Heroin is the drug of choice for the protagonist, but other substances are also consumed throughout the film: heroin, prescription medication, opium, hash, amphetamines, and alcohol are a constant presence in the story. Repeated polysubstance abuse combined with a negative social environment and a weak support structure compounds the problems of Renton, a heroin addicted young adult man living in ScotlandRead MoreThemes Of Illusion And Reality By Bret Easton Elliss Trainspotting And American Psycho 2248 Words   |  9 Pagesthe text lingers on the readers mind and that allows the message to stick. Mark Renton rejects society and adulthood simultaneously, and allows his personal needs to take priority over the needs of anyone else. As a work of postmodern realism, Trainspotting explores individualism in the extreme through Renton. At the same time this exploration displays a diversity of life that isn’t often seen. Such an in depth analysis of the fringes of individualism and addiction is rare and therefore offers a uniqueRead MoreEssay about Wgu Qrt2 Ebusiness Qrt Task 21574 Words   |  7 Pagesoptions available. Eat24 also generates money from the pay per click it creates for each of its customers. A2. Search Engine Optimization. When I searched for â€Å"Indian Food Renton, WA† in Google, Spice King was the third on the list. Second to Naan n Curry and Pabla Indian Cuisine. When searching â€Å"catered indian cuisine renton, wa†, Spice King was in the top 5. Pabla was further down on that list and Curry Box didn’t show up at all. Bing, Dogpile, Webcrawler, and Yahoo all produced similar resultsRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmain issues inï ¬â€šuencing the competitive position of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysis The Pharmaceutical Industry could be used. However, if the purpose is more focused – illustrating the use of ‘ï ¬ ve forces’ analysis – the TUI case study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with

The Impact of United Kingdom Tourism on the Employment Rate. Free Essays

The impact of United Kingdom Tourism on the Employment rate. Source : Travel and Tourism Economic Impacts 2012 United Kingdom UK Tourism had generated 938,500 jobs in 2011 which is 3. 0% of total employment in the UK economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of United Kingdom Tourism on the Employment Rate. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Tourism employment includes airlines, transportation service, hotels, restaurant, travel agents and leisure industries directly and indirectly supported by tourism. According to the data, there is a decrease from year 2002 to year 2005. Fords end 90 years of British car production with the loss of more than 2000 jobs after the last Fiesta was made at its factory in Dagenham. This somehow brings an impact on the tourism industry and indirectly affect on the industry. In addition, the UK government has introduce a tax rises at the year 2002. This had affect on some of the citizens of UK with less inbound tourism and outbound tourism with the taxation. Moreover, with the Iraq war happening at 2003, this greatly brings a huge impact to the tourism industry of UK. The government has spent around 7. 4 billion pound on the Iraq war. The rises on year 2006 were because of the grand opening of the Emirates stadiums which brings in a lot of footballs fans to the country. The international friendly matches featured the Brazil national football team had successfully brightened up the tourism of United Kingdom again which leads to the contribution of employment. The world economic crisis happened at the year 2007 which lead to a decrease on the chart till the year 2009. During the world economic crisis, the whole world when in the recession and affect on the travel industry directly and indirectly. However, the critical decrease on the year 2009 was due to the Norovirus. The Norovirus case was happened at the whole Europe where some of the vegetable was polluted and affect illness to the consumer. The virus has cause a panic in UK and the whole Europe. There is a positive growth from the year 2010 to year 2012 towards tourism economic employment. It was because of the Olympic held in UK where bring the growth to the country. Government had spent money on the tourism facility and building to support the tourist that visit the country for the great events. This had created jobs opportunity for the citizen of UK as more labor was needed for tourism industry including hotel, travel agents, food and beverage, transportation and etc. The Olympic had brings an unpredicted opportunity to boost inbound and also outbound to the UK over the next decade. One in twelve jobs in UK was currently directly or indirectly supported by tourism and the number of jobs supported by tourism is set to increase between year 2010 and year 2020. Reference Tourism Alliance (2012) UK Tourism Statistic2012 United Kingdom World Travel and Tourism Council (2012) Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 United Kingdom How to cite The Impact of United Kingdom Tourism on the Employment Rate., Papers

Childhood Obesity free essay sample

Obesity is the accumulation and storage of excessive fat in the body. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Obesity is any weight that is bigger than what is typically considered healthy for a given height. (CDC, 2009). The imbalance between caloric consumption and expenditure is what causes obesity in children and adults. There are factors that affect obesity. Such factors are biological, behavioral, and environmental in nature. When more calories than the body is required is taken, the body stores the excess calorie in form of fat resulting in obesity. There are daily media reporting on obesity in Los Angeles county and nationwide. Health experts utilize mass media to provide information, training and encouragement to the need to live healthy lifestyle in other to eradicate obesity. Undoubtedly, the greater concern is on the vulnerable school age children. In one annual report from by Los Angeles County (LAC) Department of Public Health (2007), the researchers found that childhood obesity is both a national and local crises. According to the report, â€Å"Nationally, obesity rates among children have tripled since the late 1970’s, and in Los Angeles County, more than 1 in 5 students in the fifth, seventh, and ninth grades are now obese, and this continuing epidemic of childhood obesity is jeopardizing the future health and well being of our children. † Obesity poses serious health concern for the children. The physiological and mental impact on children is enormous. For example, children are among the most vulnerable population to suffer the effect of obesity such as low self-esteem, depression, to develop diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions such as asthma, orthopedic problems, liver problems, and breathing problems during sleep due obesity. (LAC Department of Public Health, 2007). In addition, another source also remarked that childhood obesity is for the most part troubling because the extra calories often expose the children to health problems that were once confined to adults (Mayoclinic.  com, 2010). This paper will not only define and describe epidemiology, but will also discuss the following; steps and methods of epidemiology, epidemiological triangle, type of epidemiology used, as well as description of the relationship of the disease to various levels of prevention, as related to childhood obesity. In the past, the term epidemiology is used to refer to the spread of diseases that were primarily infectious i n origin, but now its definition and scope have Broadened and now include, chronic diseases, mental, occupational, environmental, and other health-related events (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology can therefore be defined as study of patterns of disease and illness in human populations and application use of this study to control health problems (Association of Schools of Public Health [ASPH], 2007). It is also known as the science of public health because it studies the distribution of health related s states and illnesses and associated factors at the population level. The study can be effectively used to control and manage diseases that affect the overall population. A variety of methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: Such methods as surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution. While analytical studies are used to analyze determinants. The two main methods that can be used to carry out epidemiological research are descriptive studies and analytical studies. A descriptive study describes characteristics of group of people who suffer or does not suffer certain illnesses, and also revealing those who are at risk of developing the illness. Conversely, analytical epidemiology focuses on the determinant of health problems, and tends to establish why and how the conditions occur. However, to differentiate between the two will be difficult because analytic studies rely on descriptive comparisons, and descriptive comparisons shed light on determinants (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008). The initial step in the epidemiologic process is to answer the â€Å"what† question by defining a health outcome, before the application of its method to determine who has the disease, and factors that influence the pattern or risk of occurrence (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiological studies can be used in various ways such as conducting studies of health related behaviors; investigation of relationships between social conditions and vulnerability with chronic conditions, infections, and violence; and of course, examination and researching of health services. For example, the evaluation of progress towards meeting Healthy People 2010 goals and objectives depends on the use of epidemiologic methods (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008, p. 244). In line with the group’s topic (school age obesity in Los Angeles County), the epidemiologic method used for this study was geared towards quantifying the prevalence, and characterizing both the case group and the population from which they come. In one of the studies, the incidence of childhood was determined by means of body mass index (BMI) measures of fifth, seventh, and ninth grader public school children (LAC Department of Public Health, 2007). Based on the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC) growth chart, children were considered obese if their BMI exceed the 95th percentile of their age and gender group’s BMI (CDC, 2009). The study also considered definition of cities and communities within Los Angeles County. As such, cities and communities that have fewer than fifty students with BMI data from California Physical Fitness Testing Program were not included. In order to track down childhood obesity in the county, LAC Department of Public Health utilized data accessed from California Department of Education’s Physical Fitness Testing Program. The researchers found that the rate of obesity in school age children have continued to rise steadily. According to the report, Los Angeles County has seen an alarming steady increase in the percentage of the children in the fifth, seventh, and ninth graders who are obese-from 18. Percent in 1999 to 23. 3 percent in 2005 (LAC Department of Public Health, 2008, p. 1). The prevalence of school obesity in the county is noted as follows: higher among boys than the girls with 1 in 4 boys versus 1 in 5 girls; higher at lower grade levels with 26. 4 percent of children in fifth grade compared with 19. 2 percent of children in ninth grade; and, varied markedly in by racial/ethnic groups and geographical location – highest among Pacific Islanders’ 34 percent and Hispanic’s 24. Percent, as well as highest in the South Service Area and lowest in the West Service Area, respectively. Although there is evidence that the figures have stabilized in the past two years, the percentage of children who are obese is still unacceptably high at 22. 9 percent. Another study also revealed that the prevalence of obesity in children varied significantly among cities and communities – from a low 4 percent in Manhattan Beach to a high 37 percent in Maywood, which was attributed to economic hardship (LAC Department of Public Health, 2007). Information on birth, death, medical and health records are not available The epidemiological triangle is a model used by scientist to develop studies about health problems, the triangle allows for investigation and understanding of diseases and how they are spread. The general belief that health status is multi factorial gives us the chance to apply scientific methods in a variety of circumstances. There are three corners in the triangle and they are comprises of the host, the agent and the environment. The carrier or human body that harbors the diseases is known as the host. The host can be influenced by many factors like age, gender, race and behavior. Any factor whether physical, chemical, or biological in nature, whose presence or relative absence is necessary in the occurrence of a disease process is the agent. The aggregate of all external conditions and influences affecting life and development in this case is known as the environment. This includes physical, biological, and socio-cultural factors that causes or partake in disease transmission. Relative to childhood obesity, children between the age of six and fifteen years of age represents the host while the excessive calories intake from foods and beverages represents the agent. The environment may include genetic make-up, cultures, health belief, poor economic condition, lack of access to parks and green spaces, unsafe neighborhood and routes to school, and lack of availability of healthy food – just to mention these few. This study used both descriptive and analytical types of epidemiology. The descriptive aspect of the study investigates the pattern and health events of the population, while the analytical aspect seeks to understand the determinants or influencing factors of the health event (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008). Relative to the group’s topic, the what, who, where, when, why, and outcome were represent by obesity, children, Los Angeles County, from 1999 to 2005, excessive caloric intake, and epidemic respectively. They are all components of descriptive epidemiology. Similarly, the gender, race, age, economic status, health belief, poor nutrition, and other determinants or influencing factors to obesity, fall under the analytical aspect of the study. From the study, we know that obesity in school age school age children has reached epidemic level in Los Angeles County; that the prevalence is higher among boys than girls; that it is higher at lower grade levels compared with children in higher grade levels; that it varied markedly by racial/ethnic groups; that it is highest among Pacific Islanders and Hispanics; and, that there is significant difference between Geographical areas – are all components of descriptive epidemiology. On the other hand, the analytical epidemiology was represented by: study of genetics as it relates to obesity; the investigation of physical inactivity, poor nutrition, lack of access to parks and green spaces, and unsafe neighborhood; and the examination of association between socio-economic status, cultural practices, health belief system, and other health related behaviors relative to vulnerability to obesity. In other to find ways to effectively prevent obesity in children, it is important to consider what is going on at each level of child development and growth. First and foremost, the primary prevention should aim at education and health promotion. This will involve teaching healthy eating at home and school, and increased physical activity instead of video games and TV watching with strong emphasis on maintaining behavior throughout lifetime. According to U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] (2010), â€Å"because appropriate physical activity levels and healthy eating behaviors should be instilled in childhood and maintained throughout life, prevention efforts that target older children and schools are equally important†. On the other hand, attempts should be made to help those children who have been affected. Introduction of lifestly modification will go a long way into helping the affected children recover from obesity. Both parents and school administrators have greater responsibilities in helping to eradicate the ugly effects of obesity in children. Appropriate intervention that is targeted towards the affected children to have behavior or live style modification is necessary at this time. This intervention will not only focus on the individual children but also their physical environment. In this situation, their physical environment is essentially the homes and schools. Lastly, the tertiary prevention deals with rehabilitation of these children who are already affected. To bring them to recovery, and restore them to highest function through adaptation of a new lifestyle and supportive environment. Research has shown that behavior change is more likely to endure when a persons environment is simultaneously changed in a manner that supports the behavior change (USDHHS, 2010). In conclusion, Obesity occurs when an individual consumes more calories than the body burns. This translates to the practice of eating too much and exercising very little. Apart from food and beverage consumption, factor such as: age, genetics, environment, physical activities, illness, psychological factors and medication plays significant role in obesity. It poses a serious health concern for the children not only in Los Angeles but around the world. Obese children are more likely to suffer from emotional, psychiatric, physiological, and psychological problems. Epidemiology is the study of patterns of health problems in human population, and its application to control the health problem. Descriptive epidemiology describes the characteristics of group of people who have and who have no health problems, and analytic epidemiology focuses on determinants of health problems. Epidemiology triad includes the agent, host, and the agent. It is a model for epidemiology based on the belief that health status is multi factorial. Epidemiological methods are used in many areas including: conducting studies of health related behaviors; and, investigation of relationships between social conditions and vulnerability with health conditions. To track down the prevalence of childhood obesity in Los Angeles County, epidemiology methods were used for the study.